See -by on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "býr",
"t": "settlement"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse býr (“settlement”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Old Norse býr (“settlement”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-by (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "en-prop"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Habitation."
],
"id": "en--by-en-suffix-3kE7G-J-",
"links": [
[
"Habitation",
"habitation#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in place names) Habitation."
],
"raw_tags": [
"in place names"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-by"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": ":from",
"3": "zlw-opl:by<id:to>",
"id": "conditional",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nFrom by.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Conditional mood marker"
],
"id": "en--by-zlw-opl-suffix-lDmZSSNH",
"links": [
[
"Conditional mood",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:-by<id:conditional>",
"id": "conditional",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nPolish -by",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-by",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish -by",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-by"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish -by",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nPolish -by\nInherited from Old Polish -by, from by.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-by"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"by"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"conditional mood marker"
],
"id": "en--by-pl-suffix-InCyawpY",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɘ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘ"
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "býr",
"t": "settlement"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse býr (“settlement”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Old Norse býr (“settlement”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-by (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "en-prop"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English proper noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Habitation."
],
"links": [
[
"Habitation",
"habitation#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in place names) Habitation."
],
"raw_tags": [
"in place names"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-by"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": ":from",
"3": "zlw-opl:by<id:to>",
"id": "conditional",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nFrom by.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Polish lemmas",
"Old Polish suffixes",
"Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-",
"Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"glosses": [
"Conditional mood marker"
],
"links": [
[
"Conditional mood",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:-by<id:conditional>",
"id": "conditional",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nPolish -by",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-by",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish -by",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-by"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish -by",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *byti\nProto-Slavic *by\nOld Polish by\nOld Polish -by\nPolish -by\nInherited from Old Polish -by, from by.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-by"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"by"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘ/1 syllable"
],
"glosses": [
"conditional mood marker"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɘ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘ"
}
],
"word": "-by"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -by meaning in All languages combined (4.7kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: proper noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-by"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-by",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.